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Identification of a novel member of the family Betaflexiviridae from the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum

26. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

GOH, C. J., & HAHN, Y.. (2019). Identification of a novel member of the family Betaflexiviridae from the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum. Acta Virologica, 63(04), 373–379.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4149/av_2019_401
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“Betaflexiviridae is a family of plant-infecting rna viruses with 11 recognized genera, of which genomes have diverse organization with three to six open reading frames (orfs). a genome sequence of a novel betaflexiviridae species, named salvia divinorum rna virus 1 (sdrv1), was identified in salvia divinorum, herbal mint plant with hallucinogenic properties. the sdrv1 genome was predicted to have four orfs encoding a replicase polyprotein (rep), a movement protein (mp), a coat protein (cp), and a putative nucleic acid-binding protein (nbp). phylogenetic analyses based on the rep, mp, and cp sequences indicated that sdrv1 is most closely related to members of the genus citrivirus. however, the genome organization of sdrv1 is the same as that of the genus prunevirus. moreover, the sdrv1 nbp had greatest sequence similarity with members of the genus carlavirus. a complex evolutionary history involving ancestors of these three genera might have resulted in the unique phylogenetic position of sdrv1, which could be considered the founding member of a new genus in the family betaflexiviridae. the genome sequence of sdrv1 might be useful for studies on the evolution of betaflexiviridae.”

Salvia, Varia

Salvia divinorum: from recreational hallucinogenic use to analgesic and anti-inflammatory action

26. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

Coffeen, U., & Pellicer, F.. (2019). Salvia divinorum: from recreational hallucinogenic use to analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. Journal of Pain Research, Volume 12, 1069–1076.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S188619
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“Salvia divinorum is a herbal plant native to the southwest region of mexico. traditional preparations of this plant have been used in illness treatments that converge with inflammatory conditions and pain. currently, s. divinorum extracts have become popular in several countries as a recreational drug due to its hallucinogenic effects. its main active component is a diterpene named salvinorin a (sa), a potent naturally occurring hallucinogen with a great affinity to the κ opioid receptors and with allosteric modulation of cannabinoid type 1 receptors. recent biochemical research has revealed the mechanism of action of the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect of sa at the cellular and molecular level. nevertheless, because of their short-lasting and hallucinogenic effect, the research has focused on discovering a new analogue of sa that is able to induce analgesia and reduce inflammation with a long-lasting effect but without the hallucinatory component. in this review, we explore the role of s. divinorum, sa and its analogues. we focus mainly on their analgesic and anti-inflammatory roles but also mention their psychoactive properties.”

Salvia, Varia

Chemical syntheses of the salvinorin chemotype of KOR agonist

26. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

Hill, S. J., Brion, A. U. C. M., & Shenvi, R. A.. (2020). Chemical syntheses of the salvinorin chemotype of KOR agonist. Natural Product Reports, 37(11), 1478–1496.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1039/D0NP00028K
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Salvia divinorum increases alcohol intake and tonic immobility whilst decreasing food intake in Wistar rats

26. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

Vázquez-León, P., Arenas-Martínez, U., Córdova-Maqueda, D., Fregoso-Aguilar, T., Juan, E. R.-S., & Miranda-Páez, A.. (2021). Salvia divinorum increases alcohol intake and tonic immobility whilst decreasing food intake in Wistar rats. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis, 81(1), 34–42.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-005
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“The kappa-opioid system (kop) is the key in drug abuse. of all the compounds isolated from salvia divinorum (s. divinorum), salvinorin-a (sal-a) is predominant. further, sal-a is the only compound within s. divinorum which is reported to have psychoactive properties as a powerful kappa-opioid receptor (kopr) agonist. based on the key role of the kop system in the consumption of drugs, s. divinorum extract (sde) and sal-a may modify the alcohol intake in wistar rats. assessing voluntary alcohol intake as a drug consummatory behavior, food intake as natural reward behavior and tonic immobility as indicative of anxiety-like behavior, the present study sought to identify the role of both sde and sal-a in the wistar rat model. forty-eight adult male rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, alcohol naive and vehicle, alcohol-naive and sde, alcohol-naive and sal-a, alcohol-consumption and vehicle, alcohol-consumption and sde, and alcohol-consumption and sal-a. alcohol and food intake were assessed for two weeks. in the middle of these two weeks, vehicle, sde (containing ~1 mg/kg of sal-a) or sal-a was injected intraperitoneally once a day for a week. tonic immobility testing was performed once. the administration of sde produced a significant increase in voluntary alcohol intake especially in rats with a history of forced alcohol consumption from a juvenile age, sal-a elicited an increase in alcohol intake in animals with or without previous alcohol exposure, sde and sal-a prolonged the tonic immobility duration and decreased food intake. in conclusion, s. divinorum or sal-a stimulated alcohol consumption in rats with a history of alcohol intake and independent of previous exposure respectively, also sde or sal-a elicited an anorexigenic effect, and increased tonic immobility as indicative of anxious-like behavior.”

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Sociological investigations of human enhancement drugs: The case of microdosing psychedelics

26. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

Liokaftos, D.. (2021). Sociological investigations of human enhancement drugs: The case of microdosing psychedelics. International Journal of Drug Policy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103099
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“Microdosing psychedelics is the regular use of sub-perceptive threshold doses of substances such as lysergic acid diethylamide (lsd) and psilocybin (‘magic’) mushrooms. the phenomenon has attracted increasing public and scientific attention in numerous countries in recent years. this commentary looks at microdosing psychedelics as an emerging facet of human enhancement through drugs. after presenting a narrative based on a multidisciplinary body of literature on human enhancement drugs and microdosing, the commentary maps out directions for further sociological studies of the phenomenon as well as outlining the different fields such research can contribute to.”

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Tactics of Legitimation in the Psychedelic Sciences: Lessons for Feminist Sociology of Knowledge

26. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

Corbin, M.. (2012). Tactics of Legitimation in the Psychedelic Sciences: Lessons for Feminist Sociology of Knowledge. American Behavioral Scientist

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0002764212454422
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“I argue that psychedelic substances served as a doorway through which spirituality entered the scientific laboratory to an unprecedented degree by making spirituality more accessible to scientific methodologies. from a feminist sociology of knowledge perspective, these controversial sciences represent a unique opportunity to investigate the politics of knowledge constituting these traditionally demarcated and historically hierarchical systems of knowledge. using discourse analysis i found that psychedelic scientists utilized a range of what i call tactics of legitimation to justify the scientific study of these peculiar substances and the spirituality associated with them vis-à-vis dominant scientific knowledges. drawing on feminist theories of science and knowledge, i analyze the attendant epistemological costs of this assimilation in relation to the intersecting politics of race, class and gender. more broadly, this project demonstrates how a feminist theoretical perspective on sociology of knowledge enhances politically essential analyses of the co-constitutive relationships between knowledge, power and consciousness. © 2012 sage publications.”

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The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies

25. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

Castelhano, J., Lima, G., Teixeira, M., Soares, C., Pais, M., & Castelo-Branco, M.. (2021). The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.739053
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“There is an increasing interest in the neural effects of psychoactive drugs, in particular tryptamine psychedelics, which has been incremented by the proposal that they have potential therapeutic benefits, based on their molecular mimicry of serotonin. it is widely believed that they act mainly through 5ht2a receptors but their effects on neural activation of distinct brain systems are not fully understood. we performed a quantitative meta-analysis of brain imaging studies to investigate the effects of substances within this class (e.g., lsd, psilocybin, dmt, ayahuasca) in the brain from a molecular and functional point of view. we investigated the question whether the changes in activation patterns and connectivity map into regions with larger 5ht1a/5ht2a receptor binding, as expected from indolaemine hallucinogens (in spite of the often reported emphasis only on 5ht2ar). we did indeed find that regions with changed connectivity and/or activation patterns match regions with high density of 5ht2a receptors, namely visual ba19, visual fusiform regions in ba37, dorsal anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and regions involved in theory of mind such as the surpramarginal gyrus, and temporal cortex (rich in 5ht1a receptors). however, we also found relevant patterns in other brain regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. moreover, many of the above-mentioned regions also have a significant density of both 5ht1a/5ht2a receptors, and available pet studies on the effects of psychedelics on receptor occupancy are still quite scarce, precluding a metanalytic approach. finally, we found a robust neuromodulatory effect in the right amygdala. in sum, the available evidence points towards strong neuromodulatory effects of tryptamine psychedelics in key brain regions involved in mental imagery, theory of mind and affective regulation, pointing to potential therapeutic applications of this class of substances.”

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Schopenhauer on death (Thanatology)

25. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

www.gutenberg.org/files/40868/40868-h/40868-h.html

Papadaki, L.. (2021). Schopenhauer on Death, Salvation and Consolation☆. Philosophical Investigations

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/phin.12307
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“For schopenhauer, life is pain, and we are in need of a release from it. death offers this release and should therefore be considered as a good thing, something desirable, a friend. he is well aware, however, that it is far from easy to reconcile ourselves with the idea of death. the purpose of this paper is to navigate the path towards the possibility of consolation in schopenhauer’s philosophy. quite remarkably, schopenhauer is not only successful in consoling us for death; he also offers an equally important consolation for life.”

Young, J.. (2008). Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, death and salvation. European Journal of Philosophy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0378.2008.00313.x
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Ramin, F.. (2019). Death in the philosophy of Mullā Sadrā and Schopenhauer. Asian Philosophy

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/09552367.2019.1698138
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“Death as an inevitable reality is a subject of study in various philosophical schools. this concept can be reviewed within three realms: semantics, ontology, and epistemology. the objective of this article is to examine death within the ontological realm in the thoughts of mullā sadrā and schopenhauer, and it attempts to answer the question whether philosophical discussions on the concept of death in sadrā’s transcendental wisdom, despite differences in principles, methods, and objectives, are comparable to schopenhauer’s intellectual framework. using a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study first investigates the issue of death in the thought of both philosophers and then focuses on their comparative analysis. the findings of this study show that both philosophers believe in the dichotomy in the world, immortality of human nature after death, existence of suffering in the world, asceticism, austerity, love, and affection to all human beings. however, each of them analyzes and explains the issue of death within his own intellectual framework.”

Buller, А.. (2020). Man, nature, death of V.S. Solovyov and A. Schopenhauer. Solov’evskie Issledovaniya

Plain numerical DOI: 10.17588/2076-9210.2020.2.006-022
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“In this article the question about the influence of the natural sciences on the philosophical concepts of arthur schopenhauer and vladimir solovyov was raised. the influence of kantian transcendental criticism on schopenhauer’s philosophy was studied. it was shown that this influence manifested itself very vividly in the schopenhauer concept of «will to live». it was established that the ontological status of man as a «phenomenon» had an impact both on schopenhauer’s concept of death and on his ethics of compassion. it was emphasized that the natural world plays an important role in soloviev’s philosophical concept. according to soloviev the nature of a person is determined by three needs: «animals, mental and heart», while the ontological basis of all these three needs is life, that is, the ability to «exist». it was indicated that the moral feelings of a person justified by soloviev – shame, conscience, pity, and reverence – are a kind of human «response» of a rational being to its natural instincts and needs. the parallels between the philosophical views of schopenhauer and solovyov were drawn. on the basis of this parallels it was concluded that, despite the significant differences in the worldview of these two very different thinkers in nature, their approach to philosophy was largely identical and was characterized by scientific objectivity, interdisciplinarity, the skill of argumentation, the sharpness of the mind, the desire to give reasonable answers to the «last questions» of philosophy.”

Jacquette, D.. (2000). Schopenhauer on the ethics of suicide. Continental Philosophy Review

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1023/A:1010080014855
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“The concept of death is of special importance in schopenhauer’s metaphysics of appearance and will. death for schopenhauer is the aim and purpose of life, that toward which life is directed, and the denial of the individual will to life. despite his profound pessimism, schopenhauer vehemently rejects suicide as an unworthy affirmation of the will to life by those who seek to escape rather than seek nondiscursive knowledge of will in suffering. the only manner of self-destruction schopenhauer finds philosophically acceptable is the ascetic saint’s death by starvation. here the individual will to life is so completely mastered as to refuse even the most basic desire for nourishment, and thereby passes into nonexistence in complete renunciation of the individual will. schopenhauer’s attitude toward suicide nevertheless embodies an inconsistency. if, as schopenhauer believes, the aim of life is death, and death is an unreal aspect of the world as appearance, then there appears to be no justification why the philosopher should not rush headlong into it – not to affirm the will to life in an abject effort to avoid suffering, but in order to fulfill life’s purpose by ending it for distinctly philosophical reasons immediately upon arriving at an understanding of the appearance-reality distinction. © 2000 kluwer academic publishers.”

Jacquette, D.. (2007). Schopenhauer on Death. In The Cambridge Companion to Schopenhauer

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1017/ccol0521621062.010
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“

we abhor death, and as nature does not lie and the fear of death is the voice of nature, there must yet be some reason for this.

schopenhauer

on death and life as dying

the concept of death is a fundamental adjunct of schopenhauer’s metaphysics of appearance and will. schopenhauer interprets death as the aim and purpose of life. he maintains that to live is to suffer, that the triumph of death is inevitable, and that existence is a constant dying. yet schopenhauer also insists that death is the denial of the individual will or will-to-live; that birth and death as events in the phenomenal world are alike unreal; that death is not complete annihilation; and that suicide, though not morally objectionable, is philosophically pointless because it affirms the will-to-live. the paradoxes in schopenhauer’s reflections on the nature of death must be understood in order to appreciate what he means by the empirical will in its relation to will as thing-in-itself in his unique brand of post-kantian idealism.

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Singh, R. R.. (2016). Death, Contemplation and Schopenhauer. Death, Contemplation and Schopenhauer

Plain numerical DOI: 10.4324/9781315575971
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Arthur Schopenhauer and psychiatry 200 years after the publication of The World as Will and Representation

24. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

Baptista, T.. (2020). Arthur Schopenhauer and psychiatry 200 years after the publication of The World as Will and Representation (Idea). Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría, 49(2), 121–126.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2018.05.003
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“In 2018 the academy will celebrate the 200th anniversary of the publication of the seminal work of arthur schopenhauer (1788–1860): the world as will and representation (idea). schopenhauer is known as the ‘philosopher of pessimism’ and as the ‘psychologist of the will’. his thinking is formally absent in the psychiatric education curricula, which could be enriched by the philosopher’s work. regarding psychiatry’s theoretical foundations, schopenhauer: a) anticipated several issues of species’ origin and evolution, which are used in the contemporary understanding of disease development; b) anticipated some attributes of the psychodynamic and cognitive unconscious when referring to the irrational features of the will; c) foresaw the current concept of the embodied mind, which emphasizes the role of the body’s structure and dynamics in cognition instead of that of a transcendental reason; d) proposed a simplified and heuristic model of mind, comprising the senses, understanding and reason; at a pragmatic level, particularly concerning psychotherapy, the philosopher e) stated that all human actions spring from three fundamental sources: egoism, malice and compassion; he also speculated about the role of unconscious repression in the genesis of mental illnesses; and finally, f) emphasized the ubiquity of suffering and the insatiability of desire, which unavoidably leads to egocentrism. in this regard he highly valued contemplation of art and nature as a way of dissociating knowledge from desire, and thus allowing the development of compassion and asceticism. this was considered by the philosopher to be ‘denial of the will’, and a path for individual salvation and well-being. in contemporary psychiatry, this metaphysical proposal may be reformulated in terms of promoting cooperation and healthy austerity as a non-specific component of most psychotherapies and educational models. schopenhauer’s thinking may enrich psychiatric training and personal well-being.”

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A review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses

22. December 2021 Admin Leave a comment

Chi, T., & Gold, J. A.. (2020). A review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 411, 116715.

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116715
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“Though there was initial interest in the use of psychedelic drugs for psychiatric treatment, bad outcomes and subsequent passage of the substance act of 1970, which placed psychedelic drugs in the schedule i category, significantly limited potential progress. more recently, however, there has been renewal in interest and promise of psychedelic research. the purpose of this review is to highlight contemporary human studies on the use of select psychedelic drugs, such as psilocybin, lsd, mdma and ayahuasca, in the treatment of various psychiatric illnesses, including but not limited to treatment-resistant depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, end-of-life anxiety, and substance use disorders. the safety and efficacy as reported from human and animal studies will also be discussed. accumulated research to date has suggested the potential for psychedelics to emerge as breakthrough therapies for psychiatric conditions refractory to conventional treatments. however, given the unique history and high potential for misuse with popular distribution, special care and considerations must be undertaken to safeguard their use as viable medical treatments rather than drugs of abuse.”

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All posts by Admin

Identification of a novel member of the family Betaflexiviridae from the hallucinogenic plant Salvia divinorum

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Salvia divinorum: from recreational hallucinogenic use to analgesic and anti-inflammatory action

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Chemical syntheses of the salvinorin chemotype of KOR agonist

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Salvia divinorum increases alcohol intake and tonic immobility whilst decreasing food intake in Wistar rats

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Sociological investigations of human enhancement drugs: The case of microdosing psychedelics

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Tactics of Legitimation in the Psychedelic Sciences: Lessons for Feminist Sociology of Knowledge

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The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies

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Schopenhauer on death (Thanatology)

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Arthur Schopenhauer and psychiatry 200 years after the publication of The World as Will and Representation

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A review of emerging therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of psychiatric illnesses

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Ψ From Molecule to Mind — and beyond ∞