“Hallucinogenic psilocybin is known to alter the subjective experience of time. however, there is no study that systematically investigated objective measures of time perception under psilocybin. therefore, we studied dose-dependent effects of the serotonin (5-ht)2a/1a receptor agonist psilocybin (4-phosphoryloxy-n, n-dimethyltryptamine) on temporal processing, employing tasks of temporal reproduction, sensorimotor synchronization and tapping tempo. to control for cognitive and subjective changes, we assessed spatial working memory and conscious experience. twelve healthy human volunteers were tested under placebo, medium (115μg/kg), and high (250μg/kg) dose conditions, in a double-blind experimental design. psilocybin was found to significantly impair subjects’ ability to (1) reproduce interval durations longer than 2.5 sec, (2) to synchronize to inter-beat intervals longer than 2 sec and (3) caused subjects to be slower in their preferred tapping rate. these objective effects on timing performance were accompanied by working-memory deficits and subjective changes in conscious state, namely increased reports of ‘depersonalization’ and ‘derealization’ phenomena including disturbances in subjective ‘time sense.’ our study is the first to systematically assess the impact of psilocybin on timing performance on standardized measures of temporal processing. results indicate that the serotonin system is selectively involved in duration processing of intervals longer than 2 to 3 seconds and in the voluntary control of the speed of movement. we speculate that psilocybin’s selective disruption of longer intervals is likely to be a product of interactions with cognitive dimensions of temporal processing -presumably via 5-ht2a receptor stimulation. © 2007 british association for psychopharmacology.”

“Action of a hallucinogenic substance, psilocybin, on internal time representation was investigated in two double-blind, placebo-controlled studies: experiment 1 with 12 subjects and graded doses, and experiment 2 with 9 subjects and a very low dose. the task consisted in repeated reproductions of time intervals in the range from 1.5 to 5 s. the effects were assessed by parameter κ of the ‘dual klepsydra’ model of internal time representation, fitted to individual response data and intra-individually normalized with respect to initial values. the estimates over(κ, ̂) were in the same order of magnitude as in earlier studies. in both experiments, κ was significantly increased by psilocybin at 90 min from the drug intake, indicating a higher loss rate of the internal duration representation. these findings are tentatively linked to qualitative alterations of subjective time in altered states of consciousness. © 2008 elsevier ireland ltd. all rights reserved.”

“What is time? this question has captivated philosophy again and again. the present chapter investigates how far algorithms involve temporality in a specific form, and why algorithmic music is a distinctive way of understanding time. its orienting undercurrent is the idea that temporality, by its very nature, gives rise to conflictual perspectives that resist the attempt to be rendered in terms of a unified presence. these perspectives are coordinates of a tension field in which the algorithmic is necessarily embedded and invested, and which unfolds in algorithmic music. drawing from a selection of examples and sources, the chapter leads through a series of such contradictions and touches upon a few interesting theories of time that have sprung from philosophy, music, and computer science, so as to actualize their mutual import.”

“Wrong abstract”

“Charles sanders peirce is best known as the founder of pragmatism, but the name that he preferred for his overall system of thought was ‘synechism’ because the principle of continuity was its central thesis. he considered time to be the paradigmatic example and often wrote about its various aspects while discussing other topics. this essay draws from many of those widely scattered texts to formulate a distinctively peircean philosophy of time, incorporating extensive quotations into a comprehensive and coherent synthesis. time is not an existential subject with past, present, and future as its incompatible predicates, but rather a real law enabling things to possess contrary qualities at its different determinations, and peirce identifies four classes of such states based on when and how they are realized. because time is continuous, it is not composed of instants, and even the present is an indefinite lapse during which we are directly aware of constant change. the accomplished past is perpetually growing as the possibilities and conditional necessities of the future are actualized at the present, and the entire universe evolves from being utterly indeterminate toward being absolutely determinate. nevertheless, time must return into itself even if events are limited to only a portion of it, a paradox that is resolved with the aid of projective geometry. temporal synechism thus touches on a broad spectrum of philosophical issues including mathematics, phenomenology, logic, and metaphysics.”

“This book is based primarily on my lectures in an undergraduate philosophy course on time and space, which i taught at yale university from 1966 to 1968. because undergraduate philosophy of science courses are generally intended for philosophy students and science students, it did not seem suitable to require an extensive background in either field. it is hoped that the book will itself provide the philosophy student with some elements of physics and the science student with some elements of philosophy. in addition, the following sections, which deal with slightly more advanced material, may be omitted without essential loss of continuity: chapter iii, sections 1d, 3b; chapter iv, sections 2c-­d, 4; chapter v, sections 2c, 4, 5; and chapter vi, section 5. the remainder assumes only a familiarity with some of the basic concepts of high­‐school mathematics…”

“在热力学第二定律的基础上,结合热力学第一定律及相关限制条件,给出了热力学过程性质、方向和限度的判据.对熵判据与其他各种判据的一致性问题进行了探讨,熵判据是热力学过程的基本判据,在相应适用条件下,其他各种热力学判据都可归结为孤立体系的熵增加原理.探讨了热力学过程性质判据与方向和限度判据的特点及适用性.”

“It appears from heidegger’s interpretation of kant that the relation between time and consciousness in kant closely parallels the relation between time and existence in heidegger. such a conclusion is drawn by sherover in ‘heidegger, kant and time’. however, this paper attempts to show that the source of heidegger’s doctrine of time should be sought in husserl, not kant. it is argued that heidegger’s interpretation of time as world-constituting is an elaboration of husserl’s phenomenology of internal-time-consciousness and that in the correct reading of kant time cannot be regarded as opening up a unitary dimension. heidegger’s interpretation of kant to the contrary reveals his opposition to kant, for the temporality of consciousness in kant should be seen as belonging to the technological frame of mind and not to the primordial temporality of existence.”

“The paper examines kant’s theory of time in light of mctaggart’s argument that time is unreal. first, it presents mctaggart’s theory of time and his argument that a contradiction inevitably emerges in time’s analysis, leading either to an infinite regress of times or the denial that time is real. the paper then shows that kant rejects the absolute notion of time, the idea that there are eternal coordinates that are experienced by us as being in time. it argues against subjectivist or psychological interpretations of kant’s theory of time. the main argument is that kant’s notion of a priori intuition, rather than being the flow of mental states in consciousness, is the subject’s self-intuition as being temporally present, and, moreover, that the present acts as a temporal metric, specifying a first-person perspective in the world and designating a temporal simple.”

“Kant (1724–1804) is rarely mentioned in modern neuroscience publications, and equally rarely are insights from the neurosciences discussed in works on kantian philosophy. in this essay i present a correlation, not a confrontation, between kant in the ‘critique of pure reason’ and the neurosciences on space, time, categories, mechanics, and consciousness in order to highlight their mutual importance. my conclusion will be that kant is still important for modern neuroscience, although historically he lacked all relevant data and concepts about the brain, and that the insights from neuroscience are equally important for philosophy.”

“For immanuel kant, time was the very form of the inner sense, the bedrock of our consciousness and also the origin of arithmetic ability. new research on bumblebees has shown that even an invertebrate with a brain the size of a pinhead can actively sense the passage of elapsed time, allowing it to predict when certain salient events will occur in the future. © 2006 elsevier ltd. all rights reserved.”

“The theory of space-time developed in kant’s critique of pure reason and his (1786) metaphysical foundations of natural science is connected to leonhard euler’s proof of invariance under galilean transformations in the ‘on motion in general’ of the latter’s 1736 analytical mechanics. it is argued that kant, by using the principle of relativity that is the output of euler’s proof as an input to his own proof of the kinematic parallelogram law, makes essential use of absolute simultaneity. this is why, in the transcendental aesthetic, he observes that ‘our theory of time explains as much a priori knowledge as the general theory of motion displays.’ (krv, b 67) in conclusion, it is shown that the same proof-method, under a different definition of simultaneity, leads to the parallelogram law of the ‘kinematic part’ of einstein’s 1905 ‘on the electrodynamics of moving bodies’.”